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Numerous other Scientologist-run organizations and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or highly regarded people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has actually achieved some credibility as a religion in many countries, Scientology has actually also been referred to as both a cult and a commercial business.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Game people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also convicted of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama Our site administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the governmental shift group obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head office located at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not associated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or company was complimentary from their look what i found despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive methods in resolving those it sees as trying to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.